[托福TPO]托福考试如何才能得高分?

l 答案及题目解析
Key:
1.B 2.A 3.C 4.C 5.A 6.B 7.D 8.D 9.B10.C 11.D 12.B 13-14.125

题目解析：
1. In paragraph 1, what does the author say about the presence of a blowhole in cetaceans?
（Factual Information Question）
A.It clearly indicates that cetaceans are mammals.
B.It cannot conceal the fact that cetaceans are mammals.
C.It is the main difference between cetaceans and land-dwelling mammals.
D.It cannot yield clues about the origins of cetaceans.
相关原句：
Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of
a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land dwelling mammals.（Paragraph 1）
本题解析：
cannot disguise…意为“不能掩盖…”，因此 “the presence of blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land dwelling mammals”意思是“具有blowhol（出气孔）并不能掩盖这一事实：鲸类动物和陆栖哺乳动物有姻亲关系（affinities）”；B选项中 cannot concea（不能隐藏）l恰好与 cannot disguise相吻合，并指出鲸类动物是哺乳动物的事实，因此选择B。
正确答案：
B
2. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?（Inference Question）
A.It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like
B.There were great numbers of them.
C.They lived in the sea only.
D.They did not leave many fossil remains.
相关原句：
However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions and walruses whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea),
it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. （Paragraph 1）
本题解析：
unlike意为“与…不同”，it is not easy to envision意为“不容易设想…”。本句为转折，即“与海獭（sea otters）不同，人们很难想象最初鲸类的样貌”，因此逻辑取非得出“sea otters的样貌不难想象”，选择A。
正确答案：
A
3. The word precious in the passage is closest in meaning to （Vocabulary Question）
A.Exact
B.Scarce
C.Valuable
D.Initial
相关原句：
Although limited to a skull, the Pakicetus fossil provides precious details on the origins of cetaceans.(Paragraph 3)
本题解析：
precious意为“珍贵的，有价值的”，后文种种由该化石得出的科研结论也表明P化石极有科学价值，与valuable同意。因此选择C。
正确答案：
C
4. Pakicetus and modern cetaceans have similar（Factual Information Question）
A.Hearing structures
B.Adaptations for diving
C.Skull shapes
D.Breeding locations
相关原句：
The fossil consists of a complete skull of an archaeocyte, an extinct group of ancestors of modern cetaceans. (Paragraph 3)
本题解析：
根据原句得出P化石与现代鲸类的祖先(archaeocyte)拥有同样的完整头骨(a complete skull)，可推出P与现代鲸类头骨应该类似。因此选择C。
此题亦可用排除法：
A. “The skull is cetacean-like but
its jawbones lack the enlarged space
that is filled with fat or oil and used for receiving underwater sound in modern whales. Pakicetus probably detected sound through the ear opening as in land mammals.”该句指出P化石的颚骨（jawbones）缺少鲸类动物拥有的由脂肪和油脂填充的扩充性空间（enlarged space
that is…），听力构造不同，并猜测它应该通过耳孔(the ear opening)接受声音，排除A。
B. “The skull also lacks a blowhole, another cetacean adaptation for diving.”该句明确指出P头骨缺少出气孔（blowhole），同鲸类潜水构造不同，排除B。
D.It probably bred and gave birth on land.关于P在何处繁殖尚无定论，文章猜测（probably）在陆地（give birth on land），排除D。
正确答案：
C
5. The word it in the passage refers to（Reference Question）
A.Pakicetus
B.Fish
C.Life
D.ocean
相关原句：
It has been suggested that Pakicetus fed on fish in shallow water and was not yet adapted for life in the open ocean. It probably bred and gave birth on land. (Paragraph 3)
本题解析：
科学家猜测Pakicetus可能靠浅水区鱼类为食并尚未适应海洋生活，由此得出“很可能在陆地繁殖”的主体“it”正是指Pakicetus。因此选A。
正确答案：
A
6. The word exposed in the passage is closest in meaning to （Vocabulary Question）
A.Explained
B.Visible
C.Identified
D.Located
相关原句：
Basilosaurus, were found in sediments left by the Tethys Sea and now exposed in the Sahara desert.( Paragraph 4)
本题解析：
原 句中“left by the Tethys Sea”修饰sediments（沉积物）,即B骨架发现于T海遗留的沉积物中；exposed则意为“暴露在”，相当于uncovered，A skeleton that is uncovered can be seen, Visible就相当于can be seen.
正确答案：
B
7. The hind leg of Basilosaurus was a significant find because it showed that Basilosaurus（Factual Information Question）
A.Lived later than Ambulocetus natans
B.Lived at the same time as Pakicetus
C.Was able to swim well
D.Could not have walked on land
相关原句：
Many incomplete skeletons were found but they included, for the first time in an archaeocyte, a complete hind leg that features a foot with three tiny toes. Such legs would have been far too small to have supported the 50-foot-long Basilosaurus on land. Basilosaurus was undoubtedly a fully marine whale with possibly nonfunctional, or vestigial, hind legs. ( Paragraph 4)
本题解析：
“Such legs would have been far too small to have supported the 50-foot-long Basilosaurus on land”，即B骨架的后肢太小以至于不能支撑其巨大身躯在陆地生活。“Basilosaurus was undoubtedly a fully marine whale with possibly nonfunctional, or vestigial, hind legs.”文章接着指出，B绝对是完全的海洋生物，其后肢很可能已不再具有实用功能。因此，后肢（hind leg）之所以是重大发现正是因为它向人们表明Basilosaurus不可能生活在陆地且一定为海洋生物，选择D。
注意C选项为迷惑选项，文章 中 hind leg只说明Basilosaurus不能在陆地生活，并未说明它擅长游泳（swim well）；注意文中特别指出hind legs是possibly nonfunctional, or vestigial（退化的，发育不良的），所以它更不可能支持B游泳了。
正确答案：
D
8. It can be inferred that Basilosaurus bred and gave birth in which of the following locations（Inference Question）
A.On land
B.Both on land and at sea
C.In shallow water
D.In a marine environment
相关原句：
Basilosaurus was undoubtedly a fully marine whale with possibly nonfunctional, or vestigial, hind legs. ( Paragraph 4)
本题解析：
段落结尾已明确指出“Basilosaurus was undoubtedly a fully marine whale”（Basilosaurus是进化完全的海洋鲸类），因此B的一切活动都必然在海洋中，包括繁殖。选择D。
正确答案：
D
9.Why does the author use the word luckily in mentioning that the Ambulocetus natans fossil included hind legs?
（Vocabulary Question）
A.Fossil legs of early whales are a rare find.
B.The legs provided important information about the evolution of cetaceans.
C.The discovery allowed scientists to reconstruct a complete skeleton of the whale.
D.Until that time, only the front legs of early whales had been discovered.
相关原句：
The fossil luckily includes a good portion of the hind legs. The legs were strong and ended in long feet very much like those of a modern pinniped. The legs were certainly functional both on land and at sea.（Paragraph 5）
本题解析：
luckily意为“幸运地”，称其“幸运”是就A化石的科学价值而言：因为它具有a good portion of the hind leg(比例完整的后肢)，从而使科学家推出“The legs were certainly functional both on land and at sea”（A动物为水陆两栖）。综上，正是由于legs提供了重要的科学信息，人们才称它luckily，因此选择B。
正确答案：
B
10. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?
（Sentence Simplification Question）
A.Even though Ambulocetus swam by moving its body up and down, it did not have a backbone.
B.The backbone of Ambulocetus, which allowed it to swim, provides evidence of its missing fluke.
C.Although Ambulocetus had no fluke, its backbone structure shows that it swam likemodern whales.
D.By moving the rear parts of their bodies up and down, modern whales swim in a different way from the way Ambulocetus swam.
相关原句：
The structure of the backbone shows, however, that Ambulocetus swam like modern whales by moving the rear portion of its body up and down, even though a fluke was missing. （Paragraph 5，highlighted sentence）
本题解析：
对 此句理解应结合其上一句“The whale retained a tail and lacked a fluke, the major means of locomotion in modern cetaceans”，该句指出A化石缺少了现代鲸类水中驱动的构造fluke.接着本句“The structure of the backbone shows Ambulocetus swam like modern whales even though a fluke was missing”指出：“虽然缺少fluke，A化石的背骨结构（the structure of the backbone）说明它正是像现代鲸类一样游泳。因此选择C。
正确答案：
C
11. The word propulsion in the passage is closest in meaning to（Vocabulary Question）
A.Staying afloat
B.Changing direction
C.Decreasing weight
D.Moving forward
相关原句：
The large hind legs were used for propulsion in water. （Paragraph 5）
本题解析：
propulsion意为“驱动”，文中指Ambulocetus natans在水中向前游动，从前一句中“Ambulocetus swam like modern whales”也可推断propulsion与 swim相关，应为“向前游动”，因此选择D。
正确答案：
D
12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.
（Insert Text Question）
This is a question that has puzzled scientists for ages.
Where would the sentence best fit?
Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. ■（A）How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? ■（B）This is a question that has puzzled scientists for ages. Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans. ■(C)Very exciting discoveries have finally allowed scientists to reconstruct the most likely origins of cetaceans.■（D）In 1979, a team looking for fossils in northern Pakistan found what proved to be the oldest fossil whale.（Paragraph 1）
本题解析：
插入句中“this is a question”可以推出该句之前应恰好提出了问题，而B处之前“How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? ”正与插入句相呼应，因此选择B。
正确答案：
B
13-14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
（Prose Summary Question）
This passage discusses fossils that help to explain the likely origins of cetaceanswhales, porpoises, and dolphins.
●
●
●
Answer Choices
1. Recent discoveries of fossils have helped to show the link between land mammals and cetaceans.
2. The discovery of Ambulocetus natans provided evidence for a whale that lived both on land and at sea.
3. The skeleton of Basilosaurus was found in what had been the Tethys Sea, an area rich in fossil evidence.
4. Pakicetus is the oldest fossil whale yet to be found.
5. Fossils thought to be transitional forms between walking mammals and swimming whales were found.
6. Ambulocetus' hind legs were used for propulsion in the water.
本题解析：
正确答案应陈述文章主要内容----由三大化石的发现所得出的关于陆地哺乳动物与鲸类间进化的结论。
1选项“近期化石发现帮助科学家推断陆生哺乳动物与鲸类的联系”。文章正是讨论三大化石发现如何帮助科学研究者推断两种物种的进化，因此1正确；
2 选项“Ambulocetus natans化石是水陆两栖的过渡阶段鲸类”。文章最后一段描述了A化石不仅“具有很完好的后肢：强壮并且足部很长----水陆都可适应”（The legs were strong and ended in long feet very much like those of a modern pinniped. The legs were certainly functional both on land and at sea），而且“其背骨结构说明即使没有fluke它仍像现代鲸类一样游泳，后肢就用来在水中驱动身体”（ The large hind legs were used for propulsion in water；同时猜测它可能在陆地繁殖，陆地运动时可能类似现代海狮（On land, where it probably bred and gave birth, Ambulocetus may have moved around very much like a modern sea lion）；最后得出结论“Ambulocetus natans毫无疑问正是陆地哺乳动物到鲸类过渡中的海陆两栖动物”（It was undoubtedly a whale that linked life on land with life at sea）。因此2正确；
3选项“Basilosaurus化石发现于T海，此处富含化石”，此为细节信息，不属于总结内容，况且B事实上发现于T海遗留的沉积物（sediments）中，并不是T海中；同时虽然文中三个化石都发现于T海周边地区，但并没有科学证据证明T海富含化石，选项错误；
4选项“P化石是最古老的鲸类化石”，属于细节信息，与文章主要内容无关，错误；
5选项“处于陆生哺乳动物和鲸类过渡阶段的化石被发现”，即指Ambulocetus natans化石，正确；
6“A化石的后肢用于水中驱动”，属于细节信息，与文章主要内容无关，错误。
因此选择125。
正确答案：
1，2，5


l 段意及难句解析：
●第一段：
段意：
本段指出鲸类动物（cetaceans）与陆栖哺乳动物有着密切联系，目前已经找到了能够明确展示两类动物是如何进化的化石。
难句分析：
1. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land dwelling mammals.
短语：cannot disguise their affinities with：不能掩盖它们与…的姻亲关系
land dwelling mammals：陆栖哺乳动物
释义：鲸类动物的流线型身体，后肢的缺少，三角状尾鳍的存在以及头顶的出气孔（以上都是典型的海洋动物特点）并不能掩盖它们与陆栖哺乳动物的姻亲关系。
2. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision
what the first whales looked like.
短语：unlike the case of:与…的情况不同
it is not easy to envision:很难想象…的样子
释义：与海獭和其他鳍足动物不同，人们很难想象最初鲸类的模样。逻辑转换：人们很难想象最初鲸类动物的模样，但与之相反，设想海獭等动物的原始样貌应较为容易。
3. How was the
gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged?
释义：本段主旨句，提出文章所讨论的中心问题：从陆栖哺乳动物到水生鲸类之间到底是如何进化的？

●第二段&第三段
段意：
两段共描述了第一具重要考古发现：化石Pakicefus。段2叙述了化石P的发现地点和历史年代，段3则详细描述其特征并做出推论。关于化石P我们可得出以下信息：
1）发现于：1979年巴基斯坦北部，最古老的鲸类化石
2）三个事实：1.有一个完全的鲸类始祖A动物的skull(头骨)
2. jawbones（颚骨）缺少鲸类动物拥有的由脂肪和油脂填充的扩充性空间
3.头骨缺少blowhole
3）三个猜测：1.可能和陆栖动物一样通过耳孔来接受声音
2.可能（suggested）靠浅水区鱼类为食，但尚未适应海洋生活
3.可能在陆地繁殖
4）结论：P为陆栖动物M到现代鲸类的过渡（a transitional form）

难句分析：
1. Pakicetus was found embedded in rocks formed from river deposits that were 52 million years old.
分句：“formed from river deposits that were 52 million years old”：形成于距今52 million年前的河流沉积物中，修饰rocks
释义：化石P被发现镶嵌在岩石中，该岩石从距今52 million年前的河流沉积物中演化而来。
2. The fossil consists of a complete skull of an archaeocyte, an extinct group of ancestors of modern cetaceans.
短语：a complete skull：完整的头骨
分句：“an extinct group of ancestors of modern cetaceans”修饰archaeocyte,即archaeocyte是鲸类动物的一种已灭绝的祖先
释义：此句为事实1，化石P具有一个完整的鲸类始祖archaeocyte的头骨。
3. The skull is cetacean-like but its jawbones lack the enlarged space that is filled with fat or oil and used for receiving underwater sound in modern whales.
分句：“that is filled with fat or oil and used for receiving underwater sound in modern whales”部分修饰enlarged space
释义：化石P的颚骨（jawbones）缺少现代鲸类具有的扩大性空间，这部分空间通常由脂肪和油脂填充并用来收听水下声音。此句为事实2。
4. Pakicetus probably detected sound through the ear opening as in land mammals.
释义：注意probably,此句为猜测1，化石P可能和陆栖动物一样通过耳孔来接受声音。
5. The skull also lacks a blowhole, another cetacean adaptation for diving.
释义：此句为事实3，P头骨缺少气孔，该气孔是鲸类适应潜水活动的结构。
6. Other features, however, show experts that Pakicetus is a transitional form between a group of extinct flesh-eating mammals, the mesonychids, and cetaceans.
分句： “a group of extinct flesh-eating mammals”修饰“the mesonychid”，即M动物是一类已灭绝的食肉哺乳动物
主干：Pakicetus is a transitional form between the mesonychids and cetaceans
释义：此句指明化石P正是食肉哺乳动物M与鲸类的过渡阶段形态，为本段结论。
7. It has been suggested that Pakicetus fed on fish in shallow water and was not yet adapted for life in the open ocean.
短语：fed on fish：以鱼为食
shallow water：浅水区
释义：注意suggested,此句为猜测2，即化石P可能生前靠浅水区鱼类为食并尚未适应海洋生活。
8. It probably bred and gave birth on land.
释义：“it”指代化石P，此句为猜测3，指出Pakicetus可能在陆地繁殖。

●第四段：
段意：
本段描述第二具考古发现：Basilosaurus的骨架。关于Basilosaurus骨架我们可得出以下信息：
1）发现于1989年埃及
2）事实：1.生活于40 million年前，比化石P晚12 million年

2.首次具有完整的后肢，包括一只脚和三个脚趾
3）结论：Basilosaurus绝对已是完全的海洋鲸类。
难句分析：
1. Several skeletons of another early whale, Basilosaurus, were found in sediments left by the Tethys Sea and now exposed in the Sahara desert.
词汇：exposed意为“暴露在”，此处指“处于，位于”。
分句：“left by the Tethys Sea”修饰sediments,即B骨架发现于T海遗留的沉积物中
释义：人们在Tethys海遗留的沉积物中发现了若干Basilosaurus的骨架，这些骨架现在位于撒哈拉沙漠中。
2. This whale lived around 40 million years ago, 12 million years after Pakicefus.
释义：此句为事实1，即Basilosaurus生活于40 million年前，比化石P晚12 million年。
3. Many incomplete skeletons were found but they included, for the first time in an archaeocyte, a complete hind leg that features a foot with three tiny toes.
分句：“a complete hind leg that features a foot with three tiny toes”即B具有完全的后肢，包括包括一只脚和三个脚趾
释义： 此句为事实2。注意archaeocyte是鲸类动物的一种已灭绝的祖先（已在上段中指出），由此可知原始鲸类Basilosaurus也是archaeocyte进化过程中的阶段性形态。
4.Such legs would have been far too small to have supported the 50-foot-long Basilosaurus on land. Basilosaurus was undoubtedly a fully marine whale with possibly nonfunctional, or vestigial, hind legs.
短语：“nonfunctional, or vestigial, hind legs”：无实用作用的，退化了的后肢。
分句：“would have been too small to have supported the 50-foot-long Basilosaurus on land”:（这后肢）太小以至于不可能支撑50英尺长的Basilosaurus在陆地活动
释义：此句为本段结论，即Basilosaurus绝对已是（undoubtedly）完全的海洋鲸类。

●第五段：
段意：
本段描述第三具考古发现：化石Ambulocetus natans。关于化石A我们可得出以下信息：
1）发现于1994年巴基斯坦
2）事实：1.生活于49 million年前，晚于Pakicetus但早于Basilosaurus。三者顺序为：P—A—B
2.具有很完好的后肢：强壮并且足部很长----水陆都可适应
3.保留了尾巴但缺少三角状,然而其背骨结构说明即使没有尾鳍它仍像现代鲸类一样游泳，后肢就用来在水中驱动身体。
3）猜测：可能在陆地繁殖，陆地运动时可能类似现代海狮
4）结论：Ambulocetus natans毫无疑问正是陆地哺乳动物到鲸类过渡中的海陆两栖动物。
rear：后方的

难句分析：
1. The now extinct whale Ambulocetus natans
lived in the Tethys Sea 49 million years ago. It lived around 3 million years after Pakicetus but 9 million before Basilosaurus.
主干：Ambulocetus natans lived after Pakicetus but before Basilosaurus
释义：此句为事实1。指出Ambulocetus natans生活于49million年前的Tethys海中，它晚于Pakicetus 3million 年，但早于Basilosaurus 9 million年。
2.The fossil luckily includes a good portion of the hind legs. The legs were strong and ended in long feet very much like those of a modern pinniped. The legs were certainly functional both on land and at sea.
短语：a good portion of:很完好的一部分
be ended in：末端是…
分 句：“ended in long feet very much like those of a modern pinniped”：实际为“ended in long feet (which is)very much like those of a modern pinniped”,修饰long feet
释义：此处为事实2。A化石具有完好的后肢，后肢很强壮且足部很长，如同现代鳍足动物（如海狮）一样，能够同时在陆地和海洋活动。
3. The structure of the backbone shows, however, that Ambulocetus swam like modern whales by moving the rear portion of its body up and down, even though a fluke was missing.
分句：“the major means of locomotion in modern cetaceans”修饰fluke,即现代鲸类在水中前进时所依靠的是其三角状尾鳍
主干：the structure of the backbone shows that Ambulocetus swam like modern whales
释义：此处为事实3。说明A化石缺少三角状尾鳍，但既便如此它仍能像现代鲸类一样游泳。
4. On land, where it probably bred and gave birth, Ambulocetus may have moved around very much like a modern sea lion.
释义：注意probably和may,此为猜测，即Ambulocetus可能在陆地繁殖后代，并且它在陆地运动时类似现代海狮。
5. It was undoubtedly a whale that linked life on land with life at sea.
释义：此句为本段结论，即通过上文描述A兼具海洋动物和陆地哺乳动物的特点得出它毫无疑问正是陆地哺乳动物到海洋鲸类过渡过程中的海陆两栖动物。