雅思阅读考试样题展示
2014-7-1来源：作者：广州雅思英语学校
摘要：
Academic Reading sample task – Multiple choice[Note: This is an extract from an Academic Reading passage on thesubject of government subsidies to farmers. The text preceding this extractexplained how subsidies can lead to activities which cause uneconomical andirreversible changes to the environment.]All these activities may have damaging environmental impacts.For example, land clearing for agriculture is the largest single cause ofdeforestation; chemical fertilisers and pesticides may contaminate watersupplies; more intensive farming and the.abandonment of fallow periods tend to exacerbate soil erosion; and thespread of monoculture and use of high-yielding varieties of crops have beenaccompanied by the disappearance of old varieties of food plants whichmight have provided some insurance against pests or diseases in future. Soilerosion threatens the productivity of land in both rich and poor countries.The United States, where the most careful measurements have been done,discovered in 1982 that about one-fifth of its farmland was losing topsoilat a rate likely to diminish the soil's productivity. The country subsequentlyembarked upon a program to convert 11 per cent of its cropped land tomeadow or forest. Topsoil in India and China is vanishing much faster than inAmerica.Government policies have frequently compounded the environmentaldamage that farming can cause. In the rich countries, subsidies for growingcrops and price supports for farm output drive up the price of land. Theannual value of these subsidies is immense: about $250 billion, or more thanall World Bank lending in the 1980s. To increase the output of crops per acre,a farmer's easiest option is to use more of the most readily.available inputs: fertilisers and pesticides. Fertiliser use doubled inDenmark in the period 1960-1985 and increased in The Netherlands by 150per cent. The quantity of pesticides applied has risen too: by 69 per centin 1975-1984 in Denmark, for example, with a rise of 115 per cent in thefrequency of application in the three years from 1981.In the late 1980s and early 1990s some efforts were made to reducefarm subsidies. The most dramatic example was that of New Zealand, whichscrapped most farm support in 1984. A study of the environmental effects,conducted in 1993, found that the end of fertiliser subsidies had beenfollowed by a fall in fertiliser use (a fall compounded by the decline in worldcommodity prices, which cut farm incomes). The removal of subsidies alsostopped land-clearing and over-stocking, which in the past had been the principal causes of erosion. Farms began to diversify. The one kind of subsidywhose removal appeared to have been bad for the environment was thesubsidy to manage soil erosion.In less enlightened countries, and in the European union , the trendhas been to reduce rather than eliminate subsidies, and to introduce newpayments to encourage farmers to treat their land in environmentallyfriendlier ways, or to leave it fallow. It may sound.strange but such payments need to be higher than the existing incentivesfor farmers to grow food crops. Farmers, however, dislike being paid to donothing. In several countries they have become interested in the possibility of using fuel produced from crop residues either as a replacement for petrol (asethanol) or as fuel for power stations (as biomass). Such fuels produce far lesscarbon dioxide than coal or oil, and absorb carbon dioxide as they grow. They are therefore less likely to contribute to the greenhouse effect. But they are rarely competitive with fossil fuels unless subsidised - and growing them does no less environmental harm than other crops.Academic Reading sample task – Multiple choiceQuestions 10 – 12Choose the appropriate letters A, B, C or D.Write your answers in boxes 10-12 on your answer sheet.10 Research completed in 1982 found that in the United States soil erosionA reduced the productivity of farmland by 20 per cent.B was almost as severe as in India and China.C was causing significant damage to 20 per cent of farmland.D could be reduced by converting cultivated land to meadow or forest.11 By the mid-1980s, farmers in DenmarkA used 50 per cent less fertiliser than Dutch farmers.B used twice as much fertiliser as they had in 1960.C applied fertiliser much more frequently than in 1960.D more than doubled the amount of pesticide they used in just 3 years.12 Which one of the following increased in New Zealand after 1984?A farm incomesB use of fertiliserC over-stockingD farm diversificationAcademic Reading sample task – Multiple choiceAnswers:10 C11 B
